Unfolding Stakeholder Thinking: Theory, Responsibility and Engagement

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Aiming for a different licensing model, toward the end of 2012, Google switched the Bluetooth stack in Android from the GPL-licensed BlueZ to the Apache-licensed BlueDroid. In September 2014, Jason Nova of Android Authority reported on a study by the German security company Fraunhofer AISEC in antivirus software and malware threats on Android.

Google has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovating and competing with better products and services. Both Apple and Microsoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing legal action against Samsung being a particularly high-profile case. In its announcement, Google claimed this was part of an effort to create a "common code base" between Java on Android and other platforms. According to a January 2015 Gartner report, "Android surpassed a billion shipments of devices in 2014, and will continue to grow at a double-digit pace in 2015, with a 26 percent increase year over year. Applications (" apps"), which extend the functionality of devices (and must be 64-bit [102]), are written using the Android software development kit (SDK) [103] and, often, Kotlin programming language, which replaced Java as Google's preferred language for Android app development in May 2019, [104] and was originally announced in May 2017.Dependence on proprietary Google Play Services and customizations added on top of the operating system by vendors who license Android from Google is causing privacy concerns. During its announcement of Android KitKat in 2013, Google explained that "Since these devices make our lives so sweet, each Android version is named after a dessert", although a Google spokesperson told CNN in an interview that "It's kind of like an internal team thing, and we prefer to be a little bit—how should I say—a bit inscrutable in the matter, I'll say".

a] Android has the largest installed base of any mobile operating system and, since 2013, the highest-selling operating system overall [373] [376] [386] [387] [388] with sales in 2012, 2013 and 2014 [389] close to the installed base of all PCs. Existing devices upgraded to Oreo, and new products launched with older SoCs, were exempt from this rule. Java is still supported (originally the only option for user-space programs, and is often mixed with Kotlin), as is C++. The vulnerability came by exploiting a bug in the multitasking system enabling a malicious app to overlay legitimate apps with fake login screens that users are not aware of when handing in security credentials. Google's Sundar Pichai, who led the development of Android, explained that "mobi

Following the trace-based JIT principle, in addition to interpreting the majority of application code, Dalvik performs the compilation and native execution of select frequently executed code segments ("traces") each time an application is launched. Hiding developers options again requires deleting user data for the "Settings" app, possibly resetting some other preferences. The flash storage on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as /system/ for the operating system itself, and /data/ for user data and application installations.