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a b Hunter, P. (2007). "The nature of flight: The molecules and mechanics of flight in animals". Science and Society. 8 (9): 811–813. doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7401050. PMC 1973956. PMID 17767190. Teeling; Teeling, E. C.; Scally, M.; Kao, D. J.; Romagnoli, M. L.; Springer, M. S. (2000). "Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats". Nature. 403 (6766): 188–192. Bibcode: 2000Natur.403..188T. doi: 10.1038/35003188. PMID 10646602. S2CID 205004782.

Zhou, X.; etal. (2011). "Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals". Systematic Biology. 61 (1): 150–164. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syr089. PMC 3243735. PMID 21900649. Srinivasulu, C. & Molur, S. (2020). "Bats don't cause or spread Covid-19". Zoo's Print. 35 (4): 1–3. During hibernation, bats enter a torpid state and decrease their body temperature for 99.6% of their hibernation period; even during periods of arousal, when they return their body temperature to normal, they sometimes enter a shallow torpid state, known as "heterothermic arousal". [114] Some bats become dormant during higher temperatures to keep cool in the summer months. [115] Cramer, M. J.; Wilig, M. R.; Jones, C. (2001). "Trachops cirrhosus". Mammalian Species (656): 1–6. doi: 10.1644/1545-1410(2001)656<0001:TC>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 198968973.Bats are not blind, but some microbat species have small eyes, so they use their echolocation to “see” instead of their eyes. a b Bohn, K. M.; Schmidt-French, Barbara; Schwartz, Christine; Smotherman, Michael; Pollak, George D. (2009). "Versatility and Stereotypy of Free-Tailed Bat Songs". PLOS ONE. 4 (8): e6746. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.6746B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006746. PMC 2727915. PMID 19707550.

a b Stephen, J.; Olney, P. (1994). Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals. Springer. p. 352. ISBN 978-0412495700. Sterbing-D'Angelo, S.; Chadha, M.; Chiu, C.; Falk, B.; Xian, W.; Barcelo, J.; Zook, J. M.; Moss, C. F. (2011). "Bat wing sensors support flight control". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (27): 11291–11296. Bibcode: 2011PNAS..10811291S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1018740108. PMC 3131348. PMID 21690408. Knight, K. (2012). "Bats Use Torpor to Minimise Costs". Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (12): iii. doi: 10.1242/jeb.074823. Licht, Paul; Leitner, Philip (1967). "Physiological responses to high environmental temperatures in three species of microchiropteran bats". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 22 (2): 371–387. doi: 10.1016/0010-406X(67)90601-9. Speakman, J. R. (1990). "The function of daylight flying in British bats". Journal of Zoology. 220 (1): 101–113. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04296.x.Simmons, N. B.; Voss, R. S.; Mori, S. A. "Bats as Dispersers of Plants in the Lowland Forests of Central French Guiana". New York Botanical Garden . Retrieved 14 September 2017. Hutcheon, J. M.; Garland, T. (2004). "Are Megabats Big?". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 11 (3/4): 257. doi: 10.1023/B:JOMM.0000047340.25620.89. S2CID 11528722. The flying primate hypothesis proposed that when adaptations to flight are removed, megabats are allied to primates by anatomical features not shared with microbats and thus flight evolved twice in mammals. [17] Genetic studies have strongly supported the monophyly of bats and the single origin of mammal flight. [7] [17] Inner systematic [ edit ] Chiroptera

An older English name for bats is flittermouse, which matches their name in other Germanic languages (for example German Fledermaus and Swedish fladdermus), related to the fluttering of wings. Middle English had bakke, most likely cognate with Old Swedish natbakka ("night-bat"), which may have undergone a shift from -k- to -t- (to Modern English bat) influenced by Latin blatta, "moth, nocturnal insect". The word "bat" was probably first used in the early 1570s. [2] [3] The name "Chiroptera" derives from Ancient Greek: χείρ– cheir, "hand" [4] and πτερόν– pteron, "wing". [1] [5] Phylogeny and taxonomy [ edit ] The early Eocene fossil microchiropteran Icaronycteris, from the Green River Formation Evolution [ edit ] Anatomy and physiology [ edit ] Skull and dentition [ edit ] A preserved megabat showing how the skeleton fits inside its skin Wilkinson, G. (1990). "Food Sharing in Vampire Bats" (PDF). Scientific American. 262 (21): 76–82. Bibcode: 1990SciAm.262b..76W. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0290-76. Fleming, T. (2003). A Bat Man in the Tropics: Chasing El Duende. University of California Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0520236066. Gutenberg, G. (7 June 2012). "White-nose syndrome killing Canada's bats". Postmedia Network . Retrieved 21 April 2016.

For temperate living bats, births typically take place in May or June in the northern hemisphere; births in the southern hemisphere occur in November and December. Tropical species give birth at the beginning of the rainy season. [229] In most bat species, females carry and give birth to a single pup per litter. [230] At birth, a bat pup can be up to 40 percent of the mother's weight, [40] and the pelvic girdle of the female can expand during birth as the two-halves are connected by a flexible ligament. [231] Females typically give birth in a head-up or horizontal position, using gravity to make birthing easier. The young emerges rear-first, possibly to prevent the wings from getting tangled, and the female cradles it in her wing and tail membranes. In many species, females give birth and raise their young in maternity colonies and may assist each other in birthing. [232] [233] [231] Fungus that Causes White-nose Syndrome in Bats Detected in Texas". Texas Parks and Wildlife. 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017. a b c Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation". Nature. 451 (7180): 818–821. Bibcode: 2008Natur.451..818S. doi: 10.1038/nature06549. hdl: 2027.42/62816. PMID 18270539. S2CID 4356708. Boughman, J. W. (1998). "Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 265 (1392): 227–233. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0286. PMC 1688873. PMID 9493408. Chua, Marcus A. H.; Aziz, Sheema Abdul (19 December 2018). "Into the light: atypical diurnal foraging activity of Blyth's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus lepidus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) on Tioman Island, Malaysia". Mammalia. 83 (1): 78–83. doi: 10.1515/mammalia-2017-0128. S2CID 90531252.

Daly, M. (14 November 2013). "Pennsylvania's Bats Nearly Wiped Out". CBS Philadelphia . Retrieved 18 December 2017. Sterbing-D'Angelo, Susanne; Chadha, Mohit; Chiu, Chen; Falk, Ben; Xian, Wei; Barcelo, Janna; Zook, John M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (5 July 2011). "Bat wing sensors support flight control". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (27): 11291–11296. Bibcode: 2011PNAS..10811291S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1018740108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3131348. PMID 21690408. Van de Bussche, R. A.; Hoofer, S. R. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among recent chiropteran families and the importance of choosing appropriate out-group taxa". Journal of Mammalogy. 85 (2): 321–330. doi: 10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0321:Prarcf>2.0.Co;2.

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Turbill, C.; Bieber, C.; Ruf, T. (2011). "Hibernation is associated with increased survival and the evolution of slow life histories among mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1723): 3355–3363. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0190. PMC 3177628. PMID 21450735. Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch (12 June 2000). Reproductive Biology of Bats. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-054053-5. Arita, H. T.; Santos-Del-Prado, K.; Arita, H.T. (1999). "Conservation Biology of Nectar-Feeding Bats in Mexico". Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (1): 31–41. doi: 10.2307/1383205. JSTOR 1383205. a b Schwab, I. R.; Pettigrew, J. (2005). "A choroidal sleight of hand". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 89 (11): 1398. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2005.077966. PMC 1772916. PMID 16267906.