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It's essential to keep your retina functioning properly to enjoy a lifetime of good eyesight. Many retina problems can be detected by your eye care professional before you notice any significant symptoms. Goldberg AF, Moritz OL, Williams DS (2016). "Molecular basis for photoreceptor outer segment architecture". Prog Retin Eye Res. 55: 52–81. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.05.003. PMC 5112118. PMID 27260426. The above matrix is only an approximation to what really happens inside the retina. The differences are: In 1604, Johannes Kepler worked out the optics of the eye and decided that the retina must be where sight begins. He left it up to other scientists to reconcile the inverted retinal image with our perception of the world as upright. [79] a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Staurenghi, Giovanni; Sadda, Srinivas; Chakravarthy, Usha; Spaide, Richard F. (2014). "Proposed Lexicon for Anatomic Landmarks in Normal Posterior Segment Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography". Ophthalmology. 121 (8): 1572–1578. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.02.023. PMID 24755005.

Retinal detachment - Moorfields Eye Hospital

Detached retina. A retinal detachment — a pulling away of the retina from the underlying choroid layer of the eye that provides its nourishment — is a medical emergency. If the retina is not surgically reattached as soon as possible, permanent and worsening vision loss can occur. [Read more about retinal detachment.] Importance of routine eye exams J, Krause William (2005). Krause's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students. Boca Raton, FL: Universal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-468-2. Dowling, John (2007). "Retina". Scholarpedia. 2 (12): 3487. Bibcode: 2007SchpJ...2.3487D. doi: 10.4249/scholarpedia.3487. Complex retinal detachment: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy and giant retinal tears. American Society of Retina Specialists. https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/34/complex-retinal-detachment. Accessed Feb. 10, 2020.

The energy requirements of the retina are even greater than that of the brain. [4] This is due to the additional energy needed to continuously renew the photoreceptor outer segments, of which 10% are shed daily. [4] Energy demands are greatest during dark adaptation when its sensitivity is most enhanced. [42] The choroid supplies about 75% of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25%. [5] It is important for people to receive treatment for a retinal tear, as it may result in retinal detachment. This is a more serious condition that affects vision. Retinal detachment Shrinking abnormal blood vessels. Your doctor may use a technique called scatter laser photocoagulation to shrink abnormal new blood vessels that are bleeding or threatening to bleed into the eye. This treatment may help people with diabetic retinopathy. Extensive use of this treatment may cause the loss of some side (peripheral) or night vision. In the photoreceptors, exposure to light hyperpolarizes the membrane in a series of graded shifts. The outer cell segment contains a photopigment. Inside the cell the normal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) keep the Na+ channel open, and thus in the resting state the cell is depolarised. The photon causes the retinal bound to the receptor protein to isomerise to trans-retinal. This causes the receptor to activate multiple G-proteins. This in turn causes the Ga-subunit of the protein to activate a phosphodiesterase (PDE6), which degrades cGMP, resulting in the closing of Na+ cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGs). Thus the cell is hyperpolarised. The amount of neurotransmitter released is reduced in bright light and increases as light levels fall. The actual photopigment is bleached away in bright light and only replaced as a chemical process, so in a transition from bright light to darkness the eye can take up to thirty minutes to reach full sensitivity.

Retina display? Apple’s screen tech explained What is a Retina display? Apple’s screen tech explained

Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

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Why Samsung makes Retina Displays– but not for its own tablets". Wired magazine. April 4, 2012 . Retrieved June 4, 2013. Aging is the most common cause of macular holes. Eye injuries may also result in macular holes. Macular degeneration Kiel, Jeffrey W. Anatomy. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017. Kolb, H., Fernandez, E., & Nelson, R. (2003). Webvision: The neural organization of the vertebrate retina. Salt Lake City, Utah: John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah. Retrieved 22 July 2014. Apple– Learn about the Retina display". Archived from the original on February 7, 2011 . Retrieved June 21, 2010.

Retina 5K display - Design - Apple iMac with Retina 5K display - Design - Apple

Patton, N.; Aslam, T.; MacGillivray, T.; Deary, I.; Dhillon, B.; Eikelboom, R.; Yogesan, K.; Constable, I. (2006). "Retinal image analysis: Concepts, applications and potential". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 25 (1): 99–127. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.07.001. PMID 16154379. S2CID 7434103. Inner plexiform layer – contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells [2]pre-proliferative retinopathy – more severe and widespread changes affect the blood vessels, including more significant bleeding into the eye a b Maguire A. M.; High K. A.; Auricchio A.; Wright J. F.; Pierce E. A.; Testa F.; Mingozzi F.; etal. (2009). "Age-dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber's congenital amaurosis: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial". Lancet. 374 (9701): 1597–1605. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61836-5. PMC 4492302. PMID 19854499. a b Hildebrand, Göran Darius; Fielder, Alistair R. (2011). Pediatric Retina. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp.39–65. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-12041-1_2. ISBN 978-3642120404. Between 1011 and 1021 CE, Ibn Al-Haytham published numerous experiments demonstrating that sight occurs from light reflecting from objects into the eye. This is consistent with intromission theory and against emission theory, the theory that sight occurs from rays emitted by the eyes. However, Ibn Al-Haytham decided that the retina could not be responsible for the beginnings of vision because the image formed on it was inverted. Instead he decided it must begin at the surface of the lens. [78] a b Kolb, Helga (1995). "Simple Anatomy of the Retina". Webvision. PMID 21413391 . Retrieved 1 January 2018.