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Metz, Cade (25 February 2003). "The Great Interface-Off: FireWire Vs. USB2.0". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2007. USB2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters (16ft 5in) for devices running at high speed (480Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26ns. [37] The USB2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than 5.2ns/m ( 1.6ns/ft, 192 000 km/s), which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire.
Several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA, ExpressCard, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and most recently Thunderbolt.
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USB 2.0 Specification Engineering Change Notice (ECN) #1: Mini-B connector" (PDF). 20 October 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2014– via www.usb.org.
Joel Johnson (29 May 2019). "The unlikely origins of USB, the port that changed everything". Fast Company. Plummer, Gregg (20 September 2017). "Ampliozone: USB Audio Class 2.0 Support in Windows 10, FINALLY!!!!". Ampliozone. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 . Retrieved 7 May 2018. USB 2.0 uses two wires for power (V BUS and GND), and two for differential serial data signals. Mini and micro connectors have their GND connections moved from pin #4 to pin #5, while their pin #4 serves as an ID pin for the On-The-Go host/client identification. [6]Note that this describes the power distribution model of USB that existed before Power-Delivery (USB-PD). Before PD, USB provided up to 7.5W through Type-A and Type-B connectors, and up to 15W through USB-C. All pre-PD USB power is provided at 5V. USB3.1, released in July 2013 has two variants. The first one preserves USB3.0's SuperSpeed operation mode and is newly labeled USB3.1 Gen 1, [32] [33] and the second version introduces a new SuperSpeedPlus operation mode under the label of USB3.1 Gen 2 (marketed as SuperSpeed+ USB). SuperSpeed+ doubles the maximum data signaling rate to 10Gbit/s (later (USB 3.2) marketed as SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps), while reducing line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b. [32] [34]
Grunin, Lori (4 March 2019). "USB4 Marries Thunderbolt 3 for Faster Speeds and Smarter Transfers". CNET. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019 . Retrieved 4 March 2019.
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USB 3.0 Technology" (PDF). HP. 2012. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2014.
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