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Common chemical theory at that time held that an acid is a compound that contains oxygen (remnants of this survive in the German and Dutch names of oxygen: sauerstoff or zuurstof, both translating into English as acid substance), so a number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's dephlogisticated muriatic acid air must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, muriaticum. [15] [16] Disinfection with chloramine". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta, Georgia. Archived from the original on 2019-01-20 . Retrieved 2019-01-20. Perhaps the most famous application of Labarraque's chlorine and chemical base solutions was in 1847, when Ignaz Semmelweis used chlorine-water (chlorine dissolved in pure water, which was cheaper than chlorinated lime solutions) to disinfect the hands of Austrian doctors, which Semmelweis noticed still carried the stench of decomposition from the dissection rooms to the patient examination rooms. Long before the germ theory of disease, Semmelweis theorized that "cadaveric particles" were transmitting decay from fresh medical cadavers to living patients, and he used the well-known "Labarraque's solutions" as the only known method to remove the smell of decay and tissue decomposition (which he found that soap did not). The solutions proved to be far more effective antiseptics than soap (Semmelweis was also aware of their greater efficacy, but not the reason), and this resulted in Semmelweis's celebrated success in stopping the transmission of childbed fever ("puerperal fever") in the maternity wards of Vienna General Hospital in Austria in 1847. [82]
The chloride anion is an essential nutrient for metabolism. Chlorine is needed for the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and in cellular pump functions. [104] The main dietary source is table salt, or sodium chloride. Overly low or high concentrations of chloride in the blood are examples of electrolyte disturbances. Hypochloremia (having too little chloride) rarely occurs in the absence of other abnormalities. It is sometimes associated with hypoventilation. [105] It can be associated with chronic respiratory acidosis. [106] Hyperchloremia (having too much chloride) usually does not produce symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they tend to resemble those of hypernatremia (having too much sodium). Reduction in blood chloride leads to cerebral dehydration; symptoms are most often caused by rapid rehydration which results in cerebral edema. Hyperchloremia can affect oxygen transport. [107] Hazards Chlorine UV rays will eat up your chlorine like yesterday’s lunch if you don’t have anything in the pool to protect it—this means you’re constantly having to add more chlorine, costing time and money. Chlorine gas was first used by French chemist Claude Berthollet to bleach textiles in 1785. [25] [26] Modern bleaches resulted from further work by Berthollet, who first produced sodium hypochlorite in 1789 in his laboratory in the town of Javel (now part of Paris, France), by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate. The resulting liquid, known as " Eau de Javel" (" Javel water"), was a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite. This process was not very efficient, and alternative production methods were sought. Scottish chemist and industrialist Charles Tennant first produced a solution of calcium hypochlorite ("chlorinated lime"), then solid calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder). [25] These compounds produced low levels of elemental chlorine and could be more efficiently transported than sodium hypochlorite, which remained as dilute solutions because when purified to eliminate water, it became a dangerously powerful and unstable oxidizer. Near the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Smith patented a method of sodium hypochlorite production involving electrolysis of brine to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas, which then mixed to form sodium hypochlorite. [27] This is known as the chloralkali process, first introduced on an industrial scale in 1892, and now the source of most elemental chlorine and sodium hydroxide. [28] In 1884 Chemischen Fabrik Griesheim of Germany developed another chloralkali process which entered commercial production in 1888. [29] The three fluorides of chlorine form a subset of the interhalogen compounds, all of which are diamagnetic. [47] Some cationic and anionic derivatives are known, such as ClF −
What’s the Difference Between an Automatic Pool Chlorinator and an Automatic Chemical Feeder?
Liquid chlorine or sodium hypochlorite is 4 to 6 times stronger than a regular gallon of household bleach and is a hazardous material, so it’s important to be careful when using it. Chlorine is intermediate in reactivity between fluorine and bromine, and is one of the most reactive elements. Chlorine is a weaker oxidising agent than fluorine but a stronger one than bromine or iodine. This can be seen from the standard electrode potentials of the X 2/X − couples (F, +2.866V; Cl, +1.395V; Br, +1.087V; I, +0.615V; At, approximately +0.3V). However, this trend is not shown in the bond energies because fluorine is singular due to its small size, low polarisability, and inability to show hypervalence. As another difference, chlorine has a significant chemistry in positive oxidation states while fluorine does not. Chlorination often leads to higher oxidation states than bromination or iodination but lower oxidation states than fluorination. Chlorine tends to react with compounds including M–M, M–H, or M–C bonds to form M–Cl bonds. [36]
To maintain the pool in good shape, get a vacuum once a week. The plaster and pebbles cannot tolerate loads of dust on them. [19] X Research source Disinfection can also be done just prior to filtration and after sedimentation. This would control the biological growth, remove iron and manganese, remove taste and odours, control algae growth, and remove the colour from the water. This will not decrease the amount of biological growth in the sedimentation cells. Powder chlorine is a little more expensive than liquid, but it has a lower pH level and you can buy it in stabilized form so that you don’t have to add much cyanuric acid, if any, with it. This makes it a little easier to use. Levitin, H; Branscome, W; Epstein, FH (December 1958). "The pathogenesis of hypochloremia in respiratory acidosis". J. Clin. Invest. 37 (12): 1667–75. doi: 10.1172/JCI103758. PMC 1062852. PMID 13611033. Faraday, M. (1823). "On fluid chlorine". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 113: 160–64. Bibcode: 1823RSPT..113..160F. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1823.0016.Lewis, P.R. (1 January 2000). Polymer Product Failure. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. pp.19–. ISBN 978-1-85957-192-7. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 2011-04-30. The hypochlorite ions also disproportionate further to produce chloride and chlorate (3 ClO − ⇌ 2 Cl − + ClO −
Most of the chlorine oxoacids may be produced by exploiting these disproportionation reactions. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is highly reactive and quite unstable; its salts are mostly used for their bleaching and sterilising abilities. They are very strong oxidising agents, transferring an oxygen atom to most inorganic species. Chlorous acid (HOClO) is even more unstable and cannot be isolated or concentrated without decomposition: it is known from the decomposition of aqueous chlorine dioxide. However, sodium chlorite is a stable salt and is useful for bleaching and stripping textiles, as an oxidising agent, and as a source of chlorine dioxide. Chloric acid (HOClO 2) is a strong acid that is quite stable in cold water up to 30% concentration, but on warming gives chlorine and chlorine dioxide. Evaporation under reduced pressure allows it to be concentrated further to about 40%, but then it decomposes to perchloric acid, chlorine, oxygen, water, and chlorine dioxide. Its most important salt is sodium chlorate, mostly used to make chlorine dioxide to bleach paper pulp. The decomposition of chlorate to chloride and oxygen is a common way to produce oxygen in the laboratory on a small scale. Chloride and chlorate may comproportionate to form chlorine as follows: [55] ClO − Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86thed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. Elemental chlorine solutions dissolved in chemically basic water (sodium and calcium hypochlorite) were first used as anti- putrefaction agents and disinfectants in the 1820s, in France, long before the establishment of the germ theory of disease. This practice was pioneered by Antoine-Germain Labarraque, who adapted Berthollet's "Javel water" bleach and other chlorine preparations. [30] Elemental chlorine has since served a continuous function in topical antisepsis (wound irrigation solutions and the like) and public sanitation, particularly in swimming and drinking water. [14] Chlorine inactivates a microorganism by damaging its cell membrane. Once the cell membrane is weakened, the chlorine can enter the cell and disrupt cell respiration and DNA activity (two processes that are necessary for cell survival). When/How do We Chlorinate Our Waters? You should always use stabilized chlorine or an added stabilizer when your pool is exposed to long hours of sunshine. Unstabilized chlorine
Ihde, Aaron John (1984). The development of modern chemistry. Courier Dover Publications. p.158. ISBN 978-0-486-64235-2. Lefebure, Victor; Wilson, Henry (2004). The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-3546-8. a b Sanders, Roy E. (2004). Chemical Process Safety: Learning from Case Histories, 3rd Revised edition. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology. p.92. ISBN 978-0-7506-7749-3. If the pool has a UV Cell, the chlorine levels can be reduced to about the same level (0.8 - 1.0 ppm) as the water from your tap (0.5-0.8ppm) Test your pool water to determine how much chlorine to add. Before chlorinating your pool, test the pH and chemical levels using a pool water test kit. Read your product’s instructions; the label will let you know how much to add based on your pool’s volume to reach the target chlorine level in ppm. [4] X Research source
Automatic Pool Chlorinator Pros and Cons
During the Paris cholera outbreak of 1832, large quantities of so-called chloride of lime were used to disinfect the capital. This was not simply modern calcium chloride, but chlorine gas dissolved in lime-water (dilute calcium hydroxide) to form calcium hypochlorite (chlorinated lime). Labarraque's discovery helped to remove the terrible stench of decay from hospitals and dissecting rooms, and by doing so, effectively deodorised the Latin Quarter of Paris. [77] These "putrid miasmas" were thought by many to cause the spread of "contagion" and "infection" – both words used before the germ theory of infection. Chloride of lime was used for destroying odors and "putrid matter". One source claims chloride of lime was used by Dr. John Snow to disinfect water from the cholera-contaminated well that was feeding the Broad Street pump in 1854 London, [78] though three other reputable sources that describe that famous cholera epidemic do not mention the incident. [79] [80] [81] One reference makes it clear that chloride of lime was used to disinfect the offal and filth in the streets surrounding the Broad Street pump – a common practice in mid-nineteenth century England. [79] :296 Semmelweis and experiments with antisepsis Ignaz Semmelweis I’ve taught you all I know about liquid chlorine today, but that doesn’t necessarily mean it is the best choice for your pool. That choice is up to you, so here’s the basic differences:
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