Sense of Place and Sense of Planet: The Environmental Imagination of the Global

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For example, poverty, crime, pollution, overcrowding, corruption, incompetence, risk and disasters can be a central part of a community’s sense of place. What is sense of place in urban planning? Given Heise’s insistence that her mode of “eco-cosmopolitanism” is influenced by the work of postcolonial scholars’ work on cosmopolitan (I.e. Homi Bhaba) and how separated it is from imperialism, to what degree are Rahman’s arguments justified? Are these arguments reactionary or is there perhaps something substantial in Rahman’s writing when it comes to developing a unique perspective to Heise’s “eco-cosmopolitanism”? Introduction. Creating a sense of place (SOP) and community is a guiding principle in designing livable and high-quality built environments [1,2,3]. “Place” is a complex concept that embodies a set of tangible and nontangible qualities, and literature has long theorized an emotional connection between people and places … What things influence our perception of places? Ethnomusicologists, among other social scientists (like anthropologists, sociologists, and urban geographers), have begun to point toward music’s role in defining people’s “sense of place.” [32] British ethnomusicologist Martin Stokes suggests that humans can construct an idea of “place” through music that signals their position in the world in terms of social boundaries and moral and political hierarchies. [33] Stokes argues that music does not simply serve as a reflection of existing social structures, but yields the potential to actively transform a given space. Music denoting place can “preform” a knowledge of social boundaries and hierarchies that people use to negotiate and understand the identities of themselves and others and their relation to place. Sense of place can potentially provide positive solutions for both human well-being and biodiversity conservation. While sense of place provides a variety of benefits to people in various contexts ( Table 1), the economic value of sense of place is usually neglected. Experiencing biodiversity is also an essential component of sense of place and human well-being that needs to be further explored in future studies. Biodiversity loss (for example the loss of iconic species like rhinoceros or elephant; Di Minin et al. Reference Di Minin, Laitila, Montesino Pouzols, Leader-Williams, Slotow, Conway, Goodman and Moilanen2015) may have negative effects on sense of place, related to changes in environmental qualities and the physical characteristics of places, and loss of peoples’ identity, attachment and the meanings attributed to places. At the same time, the ‘construction’ of a sense of place could sometimes result in an increase in human disturbance and in enhanced threats to biodiversity (via habitat transformation or species introduction). Providing a sense of place experience (through recreation) should have a minimum impact on natural ecosystems.

Globally, habitat transformation is causing unprecedented loss of biodiversity (Butchart et al. Reference Butchart, Walpole, Collen, van Strien, Scharlemann, Almond, Baillie, Bomhard, Brown and Bruno2010). In turn, this affects ecosystem functioning and stability, the flow of ecosystem services and human well-being (Foley et al. Reference Foley, DeFries, Asner, Barford, Bonan, Carpenter, Chapin, Coe, Daily, Gibbs, Helkowski, Holloway, Howard, Kucharik, Monfreda, Patz, Prentice, Ramankutty and Snyder2005; Cardinale et al. Reference Cardinale, Duffy, Gonzalez, Hooper, Perrings, Venail, Narwani, Mace, Tilman and Wardle2012). Conflicts between biodiversity conservation and human development needs, which are driving habitat transformation and biodiversity loss, are difficult to resolve (Chan et al. Reference Chan, Pringle, Ranganathan, Boggs, Chan, Ehrlich, Haff, Heller, Al-khafaji and Macmynowski2007). A sense of place comes from a feeling of connectedness, be it physical, emotional, or spiritual, to a specific geographic area (Relph 1976). Developing a sense of place through geographic experiences helps build the social and emotional foundation children need and will one day use as adults. What is sense of place APHG? Altman, I.; Low, S.M., eds. (1992). Place attachment. Human behavior and environment: Advances in theory and research. New York: Plenum Press. If this exercise produces a sense of place as dislocatable and intrinsically linkable to other places, then it participates in the project of deterritorialization that Ursula K. Heise describes as the first step towards an environmentally oriented cosmopolitanism, or "eco-cosmopolitanism." In her important new book, Sense of Place and Sense of Planet: The Environmental Imagination of the Global, Heise shows that deterritorialization—by which she means the detachment of cultural routines, identities, and epistemologies from their ties to place and their reconfiguration at other scales—enables better understanding of how social and ecological systems function within larger global networks. Heise argues that deterritorialization—instantiated in technologies such as Google Earth but also in the field of risk theory and the narrative techniques of certain works of literature—facilitates attentiveness to worldwide phenomena as foundational to personal experience rather than the other way around. It involves ways of seeing and ways of being that understand the local less as the guarantor of authenticity and ethical relations and more as one particular effect of systems of interconnection that shape the worldness of the world at every scale. Cognitive and affective attachments to place instead become reoriented toward a new sense of planet. Without in anyway losing sight of the differences and diverse ways of life associated with particular localities, Heise compellingly shows that eco-cosmopolitanism speaks to cultural and ecological differences precisely by understanding their connectedness, as well as their potential to evolve. Tuan, Yi Fu. 1977. Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3877-2

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Bixler, R. D., M. F. Floyd, and W. E. Hammitt. (2002). Environmental socialization: Quantitative tests of the childhood play hypothesis, Environment and Behavior 34(6) pp. 795–818

Sense of Place and Sense of Planet analyzes the relationship between the imagination of the global and the ethical commitment to the local in environmentalist thought and writing from the 1960s to the present. Part One critically examines the emphasis on local identities and communities in North American environmentalism by establishing conceptual connections between environmentalism and ecocriticism, on one hand, and theories of globalization, transnationalism and cosmopolitanism, on the other. It proposes the concept of “eco-cosmopolitanism” as a shorthand for envisioning these connections and the cultural and aesthetic forms into which they translate. Part Two focuses on conceptualizations of environmental danger and connects environmentalist and ecocritical thought with the interdisciplinary field of risk theory in the social sciences, arguing that environmental justice theory and ecocriticism stand to benefit from closer consideration of the theories of cosmopolitanism that have arisen in this field from the analysis of transnational communities at risk. Both parts of the book combine in-depth theoretical discussion with detailed analyses of novels, poems, films, computer software and installation artworks from the US and abroad that translate new connections between global, national and local forms of awareness into innovative aesthetic forms combining allegory, epic, and views of the planet as a whole with modernist and postmodernist strategies of fragmentation, montage, collage, and zooming. The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. They include bridges houses, and parks. Human characteristics of place also include land use, density of population, language patterns, religion, architecture, and political systems. How does environment influence beliefs and values? Think globally, act locally" is the green slogan, but the global and the local have not received equal ecocritical attention. When ecocriticism emerged in the early 1990s and began to define what an environmentalist literary and cultural criticism might be, it was localism that took priority. Developing a deep acquaintance with one's local place seemed to be the right response to environmental crisis, while "de-territorialisation" was a large part of the problem. Urban life, increased mobility and the globalised economy had weakened people's attachment to place. Estranged from their local ecosystems, consumers were dependent on long, complex chains of food production and delivery; they were unaware of the ecological consequences of their consumption because damage, whether far away or close at hand, did not readily appear connected to their actions. Work, in a late-capitalist economy, was unlikely to engage workers with local ecological conditions, and culture was subject to the homogenising effect of global capitalism and new technologies.Given Heise’s consistency in holding globalization as a harbinger of contemporary life, is she too much of an idealist who may not fully appreciate and recognize the detrimental effects of the current capitalist framework and how tied it is to globalization and instead, see globalization’s potential for environmental thought? Augé, Marc (1995). Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. New York: Verson Books. To me, “sense of place” is what makes a place unique and special. And that, to me again, is the basis of understanding how our entire world is unique and special. Gussow, Alan. 1972. A Sense of Place: The Artist and the American Land. San Francisco: Friends of the Earth. ISBN 1559635681