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Silver concentration is low in seawater (pmol/L). Levels vary by depth and between water bodies. Dissolved silver concentrations range from 0.3 pmol/L in coastal surface waters to 22.8 pmol/L in pelagic deep waters. [87] Analyzing the presence and dynamics of silver in marine environments is difficult due to these particularly low concentrations and complex interactions in the environment. [88] Although a rare trace metal, concentrations are greatly impacted by fluvial, aeolian, atmospheric, and upwelling inputs, as well as anthropogenic inputs via discharge, waste disposal, and emissions from industrial companies. [89] [90] Other internal processes such as decomposition of organic matter may be a source of dissolved silver in deeper waters, which feeds into some surface waters through upwelling and vertical mixing. [90]
Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Afendy M, Fang Y, Younossi Y, Mir H, et al. Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(6):524–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.03.020. Silver has a brilliant, white, metallic luster that can take a high polish, [14] and which is so characteristic that the name of the metal itself has become a color name. [11] Protected silver has greater optical reflectivity than aluminium at all wavelengths longer than ~450nm. [15] At wavelengths shorter than 450nm, silver's reflectivity is inferior to that of aluminium and drops to zero near 310nm. [16] In 2003, German Pop singer Dieter Bohlen, together with his then-girlfriend Estefania, advertised the 's.Oliver Selection men', because '[...] s.Oliver is a really good brand, they've got cool clothes. [6]In the Atlantic and Pacific, silver concentrations are minimal at the surface but rise in deeper waters. [91] Silver is taken up by plankton in the photic zone, remobilized with depth, and enriched in deep waters. Silver is transported from the Atlantic to the other oceanic water masses. [89] In North Pacific waters, silver is remobilized at a slower rate and increasingly enriched compared to deep Atlantic waters. Silver has increasing concentrations that follow the major oceanic conveyor belt that cycles water and nutrients from the North Atlantic to the South Atlantic to the North Pacific. [92] Cerit M, Şendur HN, Cindil E, Erbaş G, Yalçın M, Cerit E, et al. Quantification of liver fat content with ultrasonographic attenuation measurement function: correlation with unenhanced multidimensional computerized tomography. Clin Imaging. 2020;65:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.04.028. Statistical analyses will firstly be performed using descriptive analysis to characterize the distribution of the events studied. Categorical variables will be investigated using simple absolute frequencies. Continuous variables will be investigated by measures of central tendency and dispersion. Parametric or non-parametric tests will be used considering the distribution nature of the variables studied. A significance level of 5% will be adopted for all statistical tests. Tests to verify variable behavior and comparisons of proportions analyses, such as the application of the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, will be discussed later with a qualified statistician. Tests for comparison of means between groups, analysis of correlations between continuous variables and logistic regression analysis, will also be discussed with the statistician. Data will be tabulated and analyzed using the R Project for Statistical Computing software (R-3.2.4 for Windows). Interim analyses {21b} Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nded.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. a b CPM Group (2011). CPM Silver Yearbook. New York: Euromoney Books. p.68. ISBN 978-0-9826741-4-7.
Panáček, Aleš; Kvítek, Libor; Smékalová, Monika; Večeřová, Renata; Kolář, Milan; Röderová, Magdalena; Dyčka, Filip; Šebela, Marek; Prucek, Robert; Tomanec, Ondřej; Zbořil, Radek (January 2018). "Bacterial resistance to silver nanoparticles and how to overcome it". Nature Nanotechnology. 13 (1): 65–71. Bibcode: 2018NatNa..13...65P. doi: 10.1038/s41565-017-0013-y. PMID 29203912. S2CID 26783560. Yellow silver carbonate, Ag 2CO 3 can be easily prepared by reacting aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate with a deficiency of silver nitrate. [44] Its principal use is for the production of silver powder for use in microelectronics. It is reduced with formaldehyde, producing silver free of alkali metals: [45] Ag 2CO 3 + CH 2O → 2 Ag + 2 CO 2 + H 2 Most other binary alloys are of little use: for example, silver–gold alloys are too soft and silver– cadmium alloys too toxic. Ternary alloys have much greater importance: dental amalgams are usually silver–tin–mercury alloys, silver–copper–gold alloys are very important in jewellery (usually on the gold-rich side) and have a vast range of hardnesses and colours, silver–copper–zinc alloys are useful as low-melting brazing alloys, and silver–cadmium– indium (involving three adjacent elements on the periodic table) is useful in nuclear reactors because of its high thermal neutron capture cross-section, good conduction of heat, mechanical stability, and resistance to corrosion in hot water. [53] Etymology The PI as a blind evaluator and a coordinator assistant will coordinate all phases of the study, the randomization, and record-keeping of I and C participants. Patient and Public Involvement Groups (PPIG) were not involved in the design, recruitment, or execution of this trial, nor will they be involved in the reporting and dissemination of this research trial, with the exception of dissemination through their own social media channels if they wish. Composition of the data monitoring committee, its role and reporting structure {21a} Ratte, Hans Toni (1999). "Bioaccumulation and toxicity of silver compounds: A review". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 18 (1): 89–108. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620180112. S2CID 129765758.
Russell, Sara S.; Gounelle, Matthieu; Hutchison, Robert (2001). "Origin of Short-Lived Radionuclides". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 359 (1787): 1991–2004. Bibcode: 2001RSPTA.359.1991R. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2001.0893. JSTOR 3066270. S2CID 120355895. Frank, Andre Gunder (1998). ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.131. ISBN 0520214749. This is a low-risk intervention, as silymarin at the dosage adopted in this trial has been considered safe and well-tolerated. All patients were carefully followed up in person and by telephone, aiming to identify any adverse event. Only patients who successfully complete the trial will have their data included in the final data analyses. Methods for additional analyses (e.g., subgroup analyses) {20b} Only patients who successfully completed the trial will have their data included in the final trial data analyses, and there will be no imputations for missing data. The data will be assessed by intention-to-treat, in which all participants who completed the trial are included in the statistical analyses and analyzed according to the group they were originally assigned, regardless of which group they were assigned to. Participants who drop out of the study due to illness, moving to another city, or inability to attend appointments or perform tests will be considered as protocol deviations and will be excluded from the data analyses. Plans to give access to the full protocol, participant-level data, and statistical code {31c}
a b Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The N UBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 The three main forms of deterioration in historical silver artifacts are tarnishing, formation of silver chloride due to long-term immersion in salt water, as well as reaction with nitrate ions or oxygen. Fresh silver chloride is pale yellow, becoming purplish on exposure to light; it projects slightly from the surface of the artifact or coin. The precipitation of copper in ancient silver can be used to date artifacts, as copper is nearly always a constituent of silver alloys. [33] Readon, Arthur C. (2011). Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist. ASM International. pp.73–84. ISBN 978-1-61503-821-3. At each monthly follow-up visit participants had a nutritional and dietary assessment undertaken by a registered nutritionist member of the research team. The researcher completed a form with dietary intake and dietary habits over the last 4-week period and evaluated adherence to nutritional guidelines, ingestion of capsules as prescribed, tolerance, and the occurrence of any adverse effects. Telephone follow-up Abbri, Ferdinando (2019). "Gold and silver: perfection of metals in medieval and early modern alchemy". Substantia: 39–44. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-603 . Retrieved 8 April 2022.In the 1990s, the s.Oliver logo featured on the shirts of tennis player Ivan Lendl and Würzburg-born basketball star Dirk Nowitzki. [ citation needed] As main sponsor and team outfitters of the German Football Club Borussia Dortmund between 1997 and 1999, [ citation needed] the company established a presence outside the fashion world, thereby increasing the level of brand awareness both in Germany and elsewhere. [ citation needed] Under standard conditions, silver does not form simple carbonyls, due to the weakness of the Ag–C bond. A few are known at very low temperatures around 6–15K, such as the green, planar paramagnetic Ag(CO) 3, which dimerizes at 25–30K, probably by forming Ag–Ag bonds. Additionally, the silver carbonyl [Ag(CO)] [B(OTeF 5) 4] is known. Polymeric AgLX complexes with alkenes and alkynes are known, but their bonds are thermodynamically weaker than even those of the platinum complexes (though they are formed more readily than those of the analogous gold complexes): they are also quite unsymmetrical, showing the weak π bonding in group 11. Ag–C σ bonds may also be formed by silver(I), like copper(I) and gold(I), but the simple alkyls and aryls of silver(I) are even less stable than those of copper(I) (which tend to explode under ambient conditions). For example, poor thermal stability is reflected in the relative decomposition temperatures of AgMe (−50°C) and CuMe (−15°C) as well as those of PhAg (74°C) and PhCu (100°C). [49] In the final consultation, participants who no longer showed fatty infiltration received guidance on how to prevent the recurrence of NAFLD. Participants who showed evidence of NAFLD, regardless of the degree of steatosis, were referred to the outpatient follow-up clinic for continuation of their care provision with a hepatologist consultant and a registered nutritionist (Fig. 1). Plans to promote participant retention and complete follow-up {18b} In one study, the presence of excess ionic silver and silver nanoparticles caused bioaccumulation effects on zebrafish organs and altered the chemical pathways within their gills. [94] In addition, very early experimental studies demonstrated how the toxic effects of silver fluctuate with salinity and other parameters, as well as between life stages and different species such as finfish, molluscs, and crustaceans. [95] Another study found raised concentrations of silver in the muscles and liver of dolphins and whales, indicating pollution of this metal within recent decades. Silver is not an easy metal for an organism to eliminate and elevated concentrations can cause death. [96] Monetary use A 2004 American Silver Eagle bullion coin, minted in .999 fine silver.
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