Early Modern Britain, 1450–1750: 3 (Cambridge History of Britain, Series Number 3)

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In the early days of gunpowder weaponry, it was a highly technical craft: an empire needed a large, skilled population to cast the metal parts for weapons as well as a resource pool to manufacture gunpowder. Training soldiers in gunpowder weaponry also took time and money, money only a large empire possessed. But even smaller states like the Tokugawa Shogunate owed their success to the carefully trained use of gunpowder weapons. Bach broadened his composing and performing beyond the liturgy by taking over, in March 1729, the directorship of the Collegium Musicum, a secular performance ensemble started by Telemann. This was one of the dozens of private societies in the major German-speaking cities that were established by musically active university students; these societies had become increasingly important in public musical life and were typically led by the most prominent professionals in a city. In the words of Christoph Wolff, assuming the directorship was a shrewd move that "consolidated Bach's firm grip on Leipzig's principal musical institutions". [69] Every week the Collegium Musicum would give two-hour performances in winter at the Café Zimmermann, a coffeehouse on Catherine Street off the main market square; and during the summer months in the proprietor's outdoor coffee garden just outside the town walls, near the East Gate. The concerts, all free of charge, ended with Gottfried Zimmermann's death in 1741. Apart from showcasing his earlier orchestral repertoire such as the Brandenburg Concertos and Orchestral Suites, many of Bach's newly composed or reworked pieces were performed for these venues, including parts of his Clavier-Übung ( Keyboard Practice), his violin and keyboard concertos and of course the eponymous Coffee Cantata. [22] [70] Middle years of the Leipzig period (1730–1739) Bach's seal (centre), used throughout his Leipzig years. It contains the superimposed letters J S B in mirror image topped with a crown. The flanking letters illustrate the arrangement on the seal. From an early age, Bach studied the works of his musical contemporaries of the Baroque period and those of prior generations, and those influences were reflected in his music. [103] Like his contemporaries Handel, Telemann and Vivaldi, Bach composed concertos, suites, recitatives, da capo arias, and four-part choral music and employed basso continuo. Bach's music was harmonically more innovative than his peer composers, employing surprisingly dissonant chords and progressions, often with extensive exploration of harmonic possibilities within one piece. [104]

It’s a bit like Pokemon, crossed with an MMORPG. And it’s completely free to play on Roblox.com! Creature Types In Weimar, Bach continued to play and compose for the organ and perform concert music with the duke's ensemble. [22] He also began to write the preludes and fugues which were later assembled into his monumental work The Well-Tempered Clavier ("clavier" meaning clavichord or harpsichord), [37] consisting of two books, [38] each containing 24 preludes and fugues in every major and minor key. Bach also started work on the Little Organ Book in Weimar, containing traditional Lutheran chorale tunes set in complex textures. In 1713, Bach was offered a post in Halle when he advised the authorities during a renovation by Christoph Cuntzius of the main organ in the west gallery of the Market Church of Our Dear Lady. [39] [40] We can compare each country’s total contribution to global emissions by looking at cumulative CO 2. We can calculate cumulative emissions by adding up each country’s annual CO 2 emissions over time. We did this calculation for each country and region over the period from 1751 through to 2017. 2 The hundreds of sacred works Bach created are usually seen as manifesting not just his craft but also a truly devout relationship with God. [105] [106] He had taught Luther's Small Catechism as the Thomaskantor in Leipzig, and some of his pieces represent it. [107] The Lutheran chorale was the basis of much of his work. In elaborating these hymns into his chorale preludes, he wrote more cogent and tightly integrated works than most, even when they were massive and lengthy. [ citation needed] The large-scale structure of every major Bach sacred vocal work is evidence of subtle, elaborate planning to create a religiously and musically powerful expression. For example, the St Matthew Passion, like other works of its kind, illustrated the Passion with Bible text reflected in recitatives, arias, choruses, and chorales, but in crafting this work, Bach created an overall experience that has been found over the intervening centuries to be both musically thrilling and spiritually profound. [108]Karlsson BH, Knutsson AK, Lindahl BO, Alfredsson LS. Metabolic disturbances in male workers with rotating three-shift work. Results of the WOLF study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76:424–30.

Ye HH, Jeong JU, Jeon MJ, Sakong J. The association between shift work and the metabolic Syndrome in female workers. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2013;25:33. October 31– Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquise of Alorna, Portuguese painter and poet (d. 1839)This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entry on CO 2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Endnotes Disclosure control will still be applied to statistical or numeric information to safeguard the confidentiality of individuals. ‘Disclosure control’ refers to the efforts made to reduce the risk of disclosure, such as applying statistical methods to protect ‘personally identifiable information’ ( PII) in aggregate data tables. These safeguards can take many forms (e.g. data suppression, rounding, recoding etc.). Revisions

Davis FJ, Vidyasagar S, Maiya GA. C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease- risk marker or risk factor? J Clin Sci Res. 2012;1:178–86. The map for 2017 shows the large inequalities of contribution across the world that the first treemap visualization has shown. The USA has emitted most to date: more than a quarter of all historical CO 2: twice that of China which is the second largest contributor. In contrast, most countries across Africa have been responsible for less than 0.01% of all emissions over the last 266 years. Cannon made castles obsolete and the use of gunpowder made possible rapid expansion of an empire. It was said Constantinople was impregnable, but this was no longer true after the rise of the cannon. Image Courtesy of University of South Florida Trade and Tax DiplomacyChild Abduction Panic", in Outbreak!: The Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Social Behavior, ed. by Hilary Evans and Robert E. Bartholomew (Anomalist Books, LLC, 2009) pp83-84 Jizya was typically imposed on adult males of a certain age who were able to pay it and who were not otherwise exempt, such as monks, the poor, and the disabled. The amount of jizya that was paid varied depending on the individual's wealth and social status. In some cases, jizya was seen as a burden on non-Muslim subjects and was resented, while in other cases it was seen as a fair and necessary contribution to the state.

People who need to use maths in their jobs, whether accountancy, retail or engineering for example, often do quite complex and fast estimations in their heads, so that they have a good idea of what the answer will be before they take the time to do a more complex calculation. Definitions of terms used in this publication are present throughout the publication. Main Points MOD civilian personnel strength ( FTE) Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population-based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58:747–52.

Adding and subtracting in your head

The distribution of cumulative emissions around the world is shown in the treemap. Treemaps are used to compare entities (such as countries or regions) in relation to others, and relative to the total. Here countries are presented as rectangles and colored by region. The size of each rectangle corresponds to the sum of CO 2 emissions from a country between 1751 and 2017. Combined, all rectangles represent the global total. This one looks even harder than the others, but no matter how large the numbers involved, you can still break the calculation down in to simple chunks.