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verse by verse" to display a verse in Lingala followed by the same verse in French or in English or in Swahili.
Lingala is part of the Bantu language family. Lingala Words and Phrases - Greeting and Leave-taking The prenasalized stops formed with a nasal followed by a voiceless plosive are allophonic to the voiceless plosives alone in some variations of Lingala. Meeuwis, Michael (2020). A Grammatical Overview of Lingala. München: Lincom. p.27. ISBN 9783969390047. Spoken Lingala (called lingala parlé in French) is the variety mostly used in Lingalaphones' day-to-day lives. It has a full morphological noun prefix system, but the agreement system in the noun phrase is laxer than the literary variety's. There is a five-vowel system and no vowel harmony. Spoken Lingala is largely used in informal functions, and the majority of Lingala songs use spoken Lingala. Modern spoken Lingala is influenced by French; French verbs, for example, may be "lingalized", adding Lingala inflection prefixes and suffixes: "acomprenaki te" or "acomprendraki te" ("he did not understand", using the French word comprendre) instead of classic Lingala "asímbaki ntína te" (literally: "s/he grasped/held the root/cause not"). These French influences are more prevalent in Kinshasa and indicate an erosion of the language as education in French becomes accessible to more of the population. There are pronunciation differences between "Catholic Lingala" and "Protestant Lingala", for example nzala/njala ("hunger"). Mbulamoko, Nzenge M. (1991). "Etat des recherches sur le lingala comme groupe linguistique autonome: Contribution aux études sur l'histoire et l'expansion du lingala". Annales Aequatoria. 12: 377–406.
Phrases in Bantu languages
To a certain extent, noun class allocation is semantically governed. Classes 1/2, as in all Bantu languages, mainly contain words for human beings; similarly, classes 9/10 contain many words for animals. In other classes, semantical regularities are mostly absent or obscured by many exceptions. Meeuwis, Michael (2020). A grammatical overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition. München: Lincom. p.26. ISBN 978-3-96939-004-7. Map of the stages of Bantu expansion across southern Africa. The second map shows that the Great Lakes region (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, etc.) was a major center for outwards migration. Khabirov, Valeri. (1998) "Maloba ma nkota Russ-Lingala-Falanse. Русско-лингала-французский словарь". Moscow: Institute of Linguistics-Russian Academy of Sciences (соавторы Мухина Л.М., Топорова И.Н.), 384 p. Grammatical breakdown of “ndiyaqonda isiXhosa kancinci nje.” (correction: “speak” should be “understand” — I’ll have a new graphic up in a bit)
Lingala developed as a language used mostly for trade. It is similar to the Lusengo, Bangala, and Bobangi languages. There are probably more than seven million people who speak Lingala as a second language and over two million who speak it as their first language. All the essential grammar and vocabulary that you need to be able to read, write, and speak in Lingala. Lingala is a tonal language. Tone is a distinguishing feature in minimal pairs, e.g.: mutu (human being) and mutú (head), or kokoma (to write) and kokóma (to arrive). There are two main tones, low and high, and two less common ones: starting high, dipping low, and ending high, all within the same vowel sound, e.g., mǐso (eyes); and starting low, rising high, and ending low, e.g., bôngó (therefore). Mbula oyo na bonguani na sanza ya yambo pona Luanda likolo ya mosala ya sika esika na mikomisaki kuna mbula eleki. Nazali na esengo pona ndenge na zui mosala oyo sikoyo nazali ko kanisa kotonga ndaku na Mbanza Kongo na mbula ezali ko ya pona ete libota bazala na ndaku. One good place to get started with Swahili is the Swahili grammar guide at Mwana Simba (it looks like the domain has expired, so I’m linking to an archived version). It’s very thorough and covers basically all there is to know about the grammatical structure of Swahili, and includes vocabulary lists and exercises.You have just stumbled upon the first and most complete, in-depth beginner to advanced Lingala language course online. These comprehensive lectures cover everything you will ever need.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Along with French and Swahili, Lingala is one of the major lingua francas of the DRC, and is also spoken widely in the Republic of Congo. In the DRC — one of the world’s most linguistically-diverse nations — Lingala has long been the main language of the armed forces as well as of popular music. avez un(e) conjoint(e) congolais(e) et souhaitez séduire son cœur quelques mots d’amour en lingala ? Mumbanza, mwa Bawele Jérome (1995). "La dynamique sociale et l'épisode colonial: La formation de la société "Bangala" dans l'entre Zaïre-Ubangi". Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines. 29: 351–374. Meeuwis, Michael (2020). A grammatical overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition. München: Lincom. pp.24–25. ISBN 9783969390047.If you press the little “book” icon on the top right you can change the windows on the screen: Now choose either And now I really want to start doing Bantu languages again…. Oops. Maybe I’ll have to make some time for it in a few months. Other Bantu Languages A conjugation of the verb in Lingala that means “to be” will give you a taste for how Lingala grammar works. As you will notice on the following verbs, the subject pronoun is directly attached to the verb. Also, you will note that there is a different prefix for the third person depending on whether the subject being reference is human (one prefix) or else an animal or an object (a different prefix). Literary Lingala ( lingala littéraire or lingala classique in French) is a standardized form used mostly in education and news broadcasts on state-owned radio or television and in Roman Catholic religious services, It is taught as a subject at some educational levels. It is historically associated with the work of the Catholic Church, the Belgian CICM missionaries in particular. It has a seven-vowel system ( /a/ /e/ /ɛ/ /i/ /o/ /ɔ/ /u/) with an obligatory tense-lax vowel harmony. It also has a full range of morphological noun prefixes with mandatory grammatical agreement system with subject–verb, or noun–modifier for each of class. It is largely used in formal functions and in some forms of writing. Most native speakers of Spoken Lingala and Kinshasa Lingala consider it incomprehensible. [20] Most speakers of Swahili speak it as a second language (it has 19 million native speakers vs. 91 million non-native speakers, per Ethnologue), and it’s been widely used as a trade language in East Africa for centuries. Sāḥil is “coast” in Arabic, and sawāḥil is the plural of that (Arabic plurals are funny), so S awāḥiliyya, i.e. Swahili, is “the language of the coasts” of East Africa, which has been tied to Arabia and India via the monsoon trade (and later the British Empire) for millenia. Zanzibar, whose inhabitants are mostly native speakers of Swahili, was (at least technically) ruled by the Sultan of Oman until 1964.
The phrase “boma ye” literally means “kill him” and has since made its way into various other corners of pop culture. But let’s take a look at the grammar here for a second: “ ye” represents the direct object “ him,” and while putting it after the verb seems totally normal to English speakers, it is not very typical for a Bantu language. For example “kill him” in would be ku mw ua in Swahili and m bulale in Xhosa — in both cases, the m-like prefix/infix is the part that represents “him.” In practice, the extent of borrowing varies widely with speakers of different regions (commonly among young people), and during different occasions. Individual classes pair up to form singular/plural pairs, sometimes called genders. There are seven genders. The singular classes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 take their plural forms from classes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, respectively. Additionally, many household items found in class 9 take a class 2 prefix ( ba) in the plural: lútu → balútu 'spoon', mésa → bamésa 'table', sáni → basáni 'plate'. Words in class 11 usually take a class 10 plural. Most words from class 14 (abstract nouns) do not have a plural counterpart. The word database contains accents, mainly for pronunciation, but the detection code ignores them, so don't rely on them
I haven’t studied at any of these at all, but if you want to, now you know where to find materials for them. The Lingala alphabet has 35 letters and digraphs. Each digraph has a specific place in the alphabet; for example, mza comes before mba, because the digraph mb follows the letter m. The letters r and h are rare but present in borrowed words. Accents indicate the tones as follows: Guthrie, Malcolm & Carrington, John F. (1988) Lingala: grammar and dictionary: English-Lingala, Lingala-English. London: Baptist Missionary Society. The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows a vowel shift from /ɔ/ to /o/, leading to the absence of the phoneme /ɔ/ in favor of /o/. The same occurs with /ɛ/ and /e/, leading to just /e/. So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say mbóte as /ᵐbóte/, compared to the more traditional pronunciation, /ᵐbɔ́tɛ/. Try the singular form if the plural was not found (not all words in the database have their plural defined yet)
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