QIANDI Science Chemistry Molecule DNA Infinity 925 Silver Ring Adjustable Ring

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Tuteja N, Tuteja R (May 2004). "Unraveling DNA helicases. Motif, structure, mechanism and function" (PDF). European Journal of Biochemistry. 271 (10): 1849–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04094.x. PMID 15128295. Pauling L, Corey RB (February 1953). "A Proposed Structure For The Nucleic Acids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 39 (2): 84–97. Bibcode: 1953PNAS...39...84P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.39.2.84. PMC 1063734. PMID 16578429. To study the impact of the assembly units, we designed TC-8-3 and TC-9-3 tiles by connecting two TC-1-2 and TC-2-2 tiles with asymmetric sequences (Supplementary Fig. 11). TC-8-3 mainly formed tubular-shaped arrays (Supplementary Fig. 12), while TC-9-3 formed micrometer-sized arrays similar to TC-2-2 (Supplementary Fig. 13). In addition, we also compared the linear assembly by using half-ladder and full-ladder units. Four tiles were designed including TC-8-1, TC-8-2, TC-9-1, and TC-9-2 (Supplementary Figs. 14– 18). Based on AFM images, the full-ladder designs, TC-8-2 and TC-9-2, generally formed much longer 1D assemblies than the assemblies with half-ladder tiles. It was possible that the dimer repeating units in the full-ladder design provided stronger and more rigid connection than the half-ladders did, and therefore facilitated the longer linear assembly. Brachet J (1933). "Recherches sur la synthese de l'acide thymonucleique pendant le developpement de l'oeuf d'Oursin". Archives de Biologie (in Italian). 44: 519–76. Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes, which increases the efficiency of natural selection and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins. [140] Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair, particularly in the cell's response to double-strand breaks. [141]

We next studied the double T-junction designs by creating TC-3-1 and TC-3-2 tiles (Fig. 2e, f and Supplementary Figs. 7 and 8). The ladders formed by TC-3-1 were generally shorter than those of TC-1-1 possibly due to its weaker binding force in the elongated direction of the ladder. The AFM images showed that TC-3-2 formed a mixture of large arrays and wrapped tubular shapes (> 400 nm × 2 μm, Fig. 2f and Supplementary Fig. 8), suggesting that the double T junctions design with simple matching rules encouraged large array formation. Job D (November 2002). "Plant biotechnology in agriculture". Biochimie. 84 (11): 1105–10. doi: 10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00013-5. PMID 12595138. Harrison PM, Hegyi H, Balasubramanian S, Luscombe NM, Bertone P, Echols N, Johnson T, Gerstein M (February 2002). "Molecular fossils in the human genome: identification and analysis of the pseudogenes in chromosomes 21 and 22". Genome Research. 12 (2): 272–80. doi: 10.1101/gr.207102. PMC 155275. PMID 11827946. In humans, the total female diploid nuclear genome per cell extends for 6.37 Gigabase pairs (Gbp), is 208.23cm long and weighs 6.51 picograms (pg). [31] Male values are 6.27 Gbp, 205.00cm, 6.41 pg. [31] Each DNA polymer can contain hundreds of millions of nucleotides, such as in chromosome 1. Chromosome 1 is the largest human chromosome with approximately 220 million base pairs, and would be 85mm long if straightened. [32] Hosemann R, Bagchi RN (1962). Direct analysis of diffraction by matter. Amsterdam– New York: North-Holland Publishers.Kumar S, Chinnusamy V, Mohapatra T (2018). "Epigenetics of Modified DNA Bases: 5-Methylcytosine and Beyond". Frontiers in Genetics. 9: 640. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00640. ISSN 1664-8021. PMC 6305559. PMID 30619465.

Finkel SE, Kolter R (November 2001). "DNA as a nutrient: novel role for bacterial competence gene homologs". Journal of Bacteriology. 183 (21): 6288–93. doi: 10.1128/JB.183.21.6288-6293.2001. PMC 100116. PMID 11591672.Lu XJ, Shakked Z, Olson WK (July 2000). "A-form conformational motifs in ligand-bound DNA structures". Journal of Molecular Biology. 300 (4): 819–40. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3690. PMID 10891271. Baldi P, Brunak S (2001). Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02506-5. OCLC 45951728. Mandelkern M, Elias JG, Eden D, Crothers DM (October 1981). "The dimensions of DNA in solution". Journal of Molecular Biology. 152 (1): 153–61. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 7338906. Astbury WT (1947). "X-ray studies of nucleic acids". Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology (1): 66–76. PMID 20257017. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Cobb M, Comfort N (25 April 2023). "What Rosalind Franklin truly contributed to the discovery of DNA's structure – Franklin was no victim in how the DNA double helix was solved. An overlooked letter and an unpublished news article, both written in 1953, reveal that she was an equal player". Nature. 616 (7958): 657–660. doi: 10.1038/d41586-023-01313-5. PMID 37100935. S2CID 258314143.

Properties Chemical structure of DNA; hydrogen bonds shown as dotted lines. Each end of the double helix has an exposed 5' phosphate on one strand and an exposed 3′ hydroxyl group (—OH) on the other. Oh DB, Kim YG, Rich A (December 2002). "Z-DNA-binding proteins can act as potent effectors of gene expression in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (26): 16666–71. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916666O. doi: 10.1073/pnas.262672699. PMC 139201. PMID 12486233.

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Further information: DNA-binding protein Interaction of DNA (in orange) with histones (in blue). These proteins' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA. In contrast, other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences. The most intensively studied of these are the various transcription factors, which are proteins that regulate transcription. Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters. The transcription factors do this in two ways. Firstly, they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription, either directly or through other mediator proteins; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription. [125] Alternatively, transcription factors can bind enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter. This changes the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase. [126] Johnson G (28 December 2010). "Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors, and Debate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer. Anthes E (25 April 2023). "Untangling Rosalind Franklin's Role in DNA Discovery, 70 Years On – Historians have long debated the role that Dr. Franklin played in identifying the double helix. A new opinion essay argues that she was an "equal contributor." ". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023.

Polynucleotide chains

Rothemund PW (March 2006). "Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns" (PDF). Nature. 440 (7082): 297–302. Bibcode: 2006Natur.440..297R. doi: 10.1038/nature04586. PMID 16541064. S2CID 4316391. a b Piovesan A, Pelleri MC, Antonaros F, Strippoli P, Caracausi M, Vitale L (2019). "On the length, weight and GC content of the human genome". BMC Res Notes. 12 (1): 106. doi: 10.1186/s13104-019-4137-z. PMC 6391780. PMID 30813969. Kossel A (1881). "Ueber die Verbreitung des Hypoxanthins im Thier- und Pflanzenreich"[On the distribution of hypoxanthins in the animal and plant kingdoms]. Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie (in German). 5: 267–71. Carell T, Kurz MQ, Müller M, Rossa M, Spada F (April 2018). "Non-canonical Bases in the Genome: The Regulatory Information Layer in DNA". Angewandte Chemie. 57 (16): 4296–4312. doi: 10.1002/anie.201708228. PMID 28941008.