The Florentines: From Dante to Galileo

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The city of Florence was established in 59 BC by Julius Caesar. Since 846 AD, the city had been part of the Marquisate of Tuscany. After Margravine Matilda of Tuscany died in 1115, the city did not submit readily to her successor, Rabodo (r. 1116–1119), who was killed in a dispute with the city. Despite the name, you’re more likely to find these delicate webs of nuts and candied fruit in a French patisserie than an Italian pasticceria.

The centre of Florence is closed to through-traffic, although buses, taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in. This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL ( Zona Traffico Limitato), which is divided into several subsections. [115] Residents of one section, therefore, will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones. Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30pm, or before 7.30am. The rules shift during the tourist-filled summers, putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out. [116] Buses [ edit ] Heat the oven to 180C/350F/gas mark four and line two baking trays with lightly greased parchment paper. Touring Club Italiano – Dossier Musei 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2011.johndeike (3 March 2021). "The Architects and Origins Behind the Italian Language". Italian Sons and Daughters of America . Retrieved 19 June 2023. Why Was Florence Considered Important For Culture And Arts? – Essay – Michellekim". StudyMode.com . Retrieved 14 March 2010. Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station is the main national and international railway station in Florence and is used by 59million people every year. [123] The building, designed by Giovanni Michelucci, was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy. It is located in Piazza della Stazione, near the Fortezza da Basso, a masterpiece of the military Renaissance architecture, and the Viali di Circonvallazione, and in front of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella's apse from which it takes its name. As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB. Borchi, Emilio; Macii, Renzo (2011). La neve a Firenze (1874–2010)[ Snow in Florence (1874–2010)] (in Italian). Florence: Pagnini Editore. ISBN 978-88-8251-382-5. Florence has been an important scientific centre for centuries, notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci.

During World War II the city experienced a year-long German occupation (1943–1944) being part of the Italian Social Republic. Hitler declared it an open city on 3 July 1944 as troops of the British 8th Army closed in. [33] In early August, the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the Arno linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city, making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross. At the last moment, Charles Steinhauslin, at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence, convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value. [ citation needed] Instead, an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge, including part of the Corridoio Vasariano, was destroyed using mines. Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible, but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design. Shortly before leaving Florence, as they knew that they would soon have to retreat, the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly, in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito. [ citation needed] 1/5 Mahratta Light Infantry, Florence, 28 August 1944 Take the pan off the heat and stir in the salt and cream, then stir into the fruit and nuts. Dollop rounded teaspoons of the mixture on to the baking trays and flatten out as much as possible without leaving holes, making sure they are well spaced out on the trays. In 1304, the war between the Ghibellines and the Guelphs led to a great fire that destroyed much of the city. Napier gives the following account: Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies, including the novels and associated films, such as Light in the Piazza, The Girl Who Couldn't Say No, Calmi Cuori Appassionati, Hannibal, A Room with a View, Tea with Mussolini, Virgin Territory and Inferno. The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses, such as Roberto Benigni, Leonardo Pieraccioni and Vittoria Puccini. Place a small saucepan over a low heat and add the sugar, butter and flour, stirring to combine. Keep stirring until the sugar has dissolved, then gradually add the crème fraîche.Italy, The Local (7 April 2016). "Florence plans 'mega-mosque' for Muslim worshippers". The Local Italy . Retrieved 24 October 2023. In this sweeping 400-year history, Paul Strathern reveals how, and why, these new ideas which formed the Renaissance began, and flourished, in the city of Florence. Just as central and northern Germany gave birth to the Reformation, Britain was a driver of the Industrial Revolution and Silicon Valley shaped the digital age, so too, Strathern argues, did Florence play a similarly unique and transformative role in the Renaissance. Between the birth of Dante in 1265 and the death of Galileo in 1642 something happened which completely revolutionized Western civilization. Painting, sculpture and architecture would all visibly change in a striking fashion. Likewise, the thought and self-conception of humanity would take on a completely different aspect. Sciences would be born – or emerge in an entirely new guise. Study Abroad in Florence Italy – Florentine artisan courses for school groups". Florenceart.net. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 January 2010. In fact, with the collapse of the Bonsignori family, several new banking families sprang up in Florence: the Bardis, Peruzzis and the Acciaioli. [12] The friction between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines did not cease, authority still passed between the two frequently.

As of 2009 [update], 87.46% of the population was Italian. An estimated 6,000 Chinese live in the city. [51] The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (mostly Romanians and Albanians): 3.52%, East Asia (mostly Chinese and Filipino): 2.17%, the Americas: 1.41%, and North Africa (mostly Moroccan): 0.9%. [52] Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (6 December 2015). "Florence seeks a better class of tourist to share its besieged medieval treasures". The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2017.Melt the butter and sugar together in a pan over a medium heat until combined. Put the fruit and nuts in a bowl, sift over the flour and toss together until the flour is evenly distributed.

In association football, Florence is represented by ACF Fiorentina, which plays in Serie A, the top league of Italian league system. ACF Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships, in 1956 and 1969, and 6 Italian cups, [112] since their formation in 1926. They play their games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi, which holds 47,282. The women's team, ACF Fiorentina Femminile, have won the women's association football Italian Championship of the 2016–17 season. Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p.132. ISBN 9780691029108 . Retrieved 27 October 2014. Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics . Retrieved 16 March 2019.Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular [93] instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time. Arriva La Tramvia (in Italian)". GEST. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2011. and 19th centuries [ edit ] Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and his family. Leopold was, from 1765 to 1790, the Grand Duke of Tuscany. As of 31October2010 [update], the population of the city proper is 370,702, while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence. The Metropolitan Area of Florence, Prato and Pistoia, constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly 4,800 square kilometres (1,850sqmi), is home to 1.5million people. Within Florence proper, 46.8% of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2% were female. Minors (children aged 18 and less) totalled 14.10% of the population compared to pensioners, who numbered 25.95 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent. [50] The birth rate of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.