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Catholic historians, such as John Lingard, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control. [168] In other countries, the Catholic Counter-Reformation was spearheaded by Jesuit missionaries, but Mary's chief religious advisor, Cardinal Reginald Pole, refused to allow the Jesuits into England. [169] Her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects and her religious policies resulted in deep-seated resentment. [170] The military loss of Calais to France was a bitter humiliation to English pride. Failed harvests increased public discontent. [171] Philip spent most of his time abroad, while his wife remained in England, leaving her depressed at his absence and undermined by their inability to have children. After Mary's death, Philip sought to marry Elizabeth but she refused him. [172] Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, the policies of fiscal reform, naval expansion, and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary's reign. [173] Titles, style, and arms [ edit ] Arms of Mary I, impaled with those of her husband, Philip II of Spain The michelada is the perfect drink for the bloody mary drinker who doesn’t really like bloody marys. At its heart, it switches out vodka for beer, but from there, it’s anybody’s game. The beer could stand alone, without tomato juice, and simply be spiced and seasoned. Or, it could be used as a half and half mix with tomato juice, in addition to lime and spices. Waldman, Milton (1972). The Lady Mary: A Biography of Mary Tudor, 1516–1558. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211486-0.
Alongside burning Protestants, Mary had another priority — getting pregnant. Thirty-seven years old when she took power, Mary was determined to produce an heir during her reign. But things took a strange twist. The weather during the years of Mary's reign was consistently wet. The persistent rain and flooding led to famine. [142] Another problem was the decline of the Antwerp cloth trade. [143] Despite Mary's marriage to Philip, England did not benefit from Spain's enormously lucrative trade with the New World. [144] The mercantilist Spanish guarded their trade routes jealously, and Mary could not condone English smuggling or piracy against her husband. [145] In an attempt to increase trade and rescue the English economy, Mary's counsellors continued Northumberland's policy of seeking out new commercial opportunities. She granted a royal charter to the Muscovy Company under governor Sebastian Cabot, [146] and commissioned a world atlas from Diogo Homem. [147] Adventurers such as John Lok and William Towerson sailed south in an attempt to develop links with the coast of Africa. [148] Furthering the Tudor conquest of Ireland, English colonists were settled in the Irish Midlands under Mary and Philip's reign. Queen's and King's Counties (now Counties Laois and Offaly) were founded, and their plantation began. [134] Their principal towns were respectively named Maryborough (now Portlaoise) and Philipstown (now Daingean). Mary Tudor: The Tragical History of the First Queen of England. Kew, Richmond, UK: National Archives. —— (2011). Mary Tudor. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing. Doran, Susan and Thomas Freeman, eds. (2011). Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives. Palgrave MacMillan.Waller, Maureen (2006). Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33801-5. OL 9516816M.
Elizabeth remained at court until October, apparently restored to favour. [114] In the absence of any children, Philip was concerned that one of the next claimants to the English throne after his sister-in-law was Mary, Queen of Scots, who was betrothed to the Dauphin of France. Philip persuaded his wife that Elizabeth should marry his cousin Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, to secure the Catholic succession and preserve the Habsburg interest in England, but Elizabeth refused to agree and parliamentary consent was unlikely. [115] Religious policy [ edit ] Gold medal showing "Mary I, Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith", 1555 Mary by Hans Eworth, 1554. She wears a jewelled pendant bearing a pearl set beneath two diamonds.
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Mary was the only surviving child of Henry VIII by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. She was declared illegitimate and barred from the line of succession following the annulment of her parents' marriage in 1533, though she would later be restored via the Third Succession Act 1543. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI, succeeded their father in 1547 at the age of nine. When Edward became terminally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because he supposed, correctly, that she would reverse the Protestant reforms that had taken place during his reign. Upon his death, leading politicians proclaimed Mary and Edward's Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, as queen instead. Mary speedily assembled a force in East Anglia and deposed Jane, who was eventually beheaded. Mary was—excluding the disputed reigns of Jane and the Empress Matilda—the first queen regnant of England. In July 1554, Mary married Prince Philip of Spain, becoming queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556.
Reconciled with her father, Mary resumed her place at court. [47] Henry granted her a household, which included the reinstatement of Mary's favourite, Susan Clarencieux. [48] Mary's Privy Purse accounts for this period, kept by Mary Finch, show that Hatfield House, the Palace of Beaulieu (also called Newhall), Richmond and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence, as well as Henry's palaces at Greenwich, Westminster and Hampton Court. [49] Her expenses included fine clothes and gambling at cards, one of her favourite pastimes. [50] The bloody mary has long since claimed brunch as its host, but that doesn’t mean that all bloody marys are created equal or, in another sense, that all bloody marys are even bloody marys.Spain: August 1557". (1954). Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 13, 1554-1558, ed. Royall Tyler (London). pp. 308-318. British History Online [accessed 1 December 2021]. In the month following her accession, Mary issued a proclamation that she would not compel any of her subjects to follow her religion, but by the end of September 1553, leading Protestant churchmen—including Thomas Cranmer, John Bradford, John Rogers, John Hooper, and Hugh Latimer—were imprisoned. [116] Mary's first Parliament, which assembled in early October, declared her parents' marriage valid and abolished Edward's religious laws. [117] Church doctrine was restored to the form it had taken in the 1539 Six Articles of Henry VIII, which (among other things) reaffirmed clerical celibacy. Married priests were deprived of their benefices. [118] Wernham, R. B. (1966). Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485–1588. London: Jonathan Cape. John White, Bishop of Winchester, praised Mary at her funeral service: "She was a king's daughter; she was a king's sister; she was a king's wife. She was a queen, and by the same title a king also." [159] She was the first woman to successfully claim the throne of England, despite competing claims and determined opposition, and enjoyed popular support and sympathy during the earliest parts of her reign, especially from the Roman Catholics of England. [160]
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