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Following a widespread civil war during which the imperial library was burned, [t] the Han dynasty emerged to rule China between 206BCE and CE220, creating a cultural identity among its populace still remembered in the ethnonym of the modern Han Chinese. [53] [54] The Han expanded the empire's territory considerably, with military campaigns reaching Central Asia, Mongolia, Korea, and Yunnan, and the recovery of Guangdong and northern Vietnam from Nanyue. Han involvement in Central Asia and Sogdia helped establish the land route of the Silk Road, replacing the earlier path over the Himalayas to India. Han China gradually became the largest economy of the ancient world. [56] Despite the Han's initial decentralization and the official abandonment of the Qin philosophy of Legalism in favor of Confucianism, Qin's legalist institutions and policies continued to be employed by the Han government and its successors. [57] Since ancient times, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Chinese culture, in turn, has heavily influenced East Asia and Southeast Asia. [553] For much of the country's dynastic era, opportunities for social advancement could be provided by high performance in the prestigious imperial examinations, which have their origins in the Han dynasty. [554] The literary emphasis of the exams affected the general perception of cultural refinement in China, such as the belief that calligraphy, poetry and painting were higher forms of art than dancing or drama. Chinese culture has long emphasized a sense of deep history and a largely inward-looking national perspective. [555] Examinations and a culture of merit remain greatly valued in China today. [556] Fenghuang County, an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles [557] China has urbanized significantly in recent decades. The percent of the country's population living in urban areas increased from 20% in 1980 to over 64% in 2021. [475] [476] [477] It is estimated that China's urban population will reach one billion by 2030, potentially equivalent to one-eighth of the world population. [476] The Tibetans" (PDF). University of Southern California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-16 . Retrieved 2013-07-20.

Lander, Brian; Brunson, Katherine (2018). "Wild Mammals of Ancient North China". The Journal of Chinese History. Cambridge University Press. 2 (2): 291–312. doi: 10.1017/jch.2017.45.The 2020 Chinese census recorded the population as approximately 1,411,778,724. About 17.95% were 14 years old or younger, 63.35% were between 15 and 59 years old, and 18.7% were over 60 years old. [451] Between 2010 and 2020, the average population growth rate was 0.53%. [451] See also: Income inequality in China Shanghai World Financial Center, Jin Mao Tower and Shanghai Tower, Lujiazui Physical fitness is widely emphasized in Chinese culture, with morning exercises such as qigong and tai chi widely practiced, [596] and commercial gyms and private fitness clubs are gaining popularity. [597] Basketball is the most popular spectator sport in China. [598] The Chinese Basketball Association and the American National Basketball Association also have a huge national following amongst the Chinese populace, with native-born and NBA-bound Chinese players and well-known national household names such as Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian being held in high esteem. [599] China's professional football league, known as Chinese Super League, is the largest football market in East Asia. [600] Other popular sports include martial arts, table tennis, badminton, swimming and snooker. China is home to a huge number of cyclists, with an estimated 470 million bicycles as of 2012 [update]. [434] Many more traditional sports, such as dragon boat racing, Mongolian-style wrestling and horse racing are also popular. [601]

David Ernest Apter; Tony Saich (1994). Revolutionary Discourse in Mao's Republic. Harvard University Press. p.198. ISBN 0-674-76780-2. The CIA World Factbook lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km 2, [14] and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km 2. [15] Main articles: People's Liberation Army and Paramilitary forces of China Chengdu J-20 5th generation stealth fighter Wiatros-Motyka, Malgorzata (12 April 2023). "Global Electricity Review 2023". Ember . Retrieved 2023-05-19.Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. p.17. ISBN 978-1-84519-172-6. Yule, Henry (1866). Cathay and the Way Thither. Asian Educational Services. pp.3–7. ISBN 978-81-206-1966-1. China is one of 17 megadiverse countries, [156] lying in two of the world's major biogeographic realms: the Palearctic and the Indomalayan. By one measure, China has over 34,687 species of animals and vascular plants, making it the third-most biodiverse country in the world, after Brazil and Colombia. [157] The country is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity; [158] its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was received by the convention in 2010. [159]

Adshead, S. A. M. (2004). T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History. Palgrave Macmillan. p.54. After repeated military defeats by the European colonial powers and Imperial Japan in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement. After the Communists came to power in 1949, efforts were made to organize science and technology based on the model of the Soviet Union, in which scientific research was part of central planning. [378] After Mao's death in 1976, science and technology were promoted as one of the Four Modernizations, [379] and the Soviet-inspired academic system was gradually reformed. [380] Modern era David N. Keightley, "Art, Ancestors, and the Origins of Writing in China", Representations No. 56, Special Issue: The New Erudition. (Autumn 1996), pp.68–95 [68] Main article: Names of China China (today's Guangdong), Mangi (inland of Xanton), and Cataio (inland of China and Chequan, and including the capital Cambalu, Xandu, and a marble bridge) are all shown as separate regions on this 1570 map by Abraham Ortelius. Nishijima, Sadao (1986). "The Economic and Social History of Former Han". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.). Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press. pp.545–607. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.a b Bodde, Derk. (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in", in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0. Although this is the present meaning of guó, in Old Chinese (when its pronunciation was something like /*qʷˤək/) [26] it meant the walled city of the Chinese and the areas they could control from them. [27] Hung-Mao Tien (1972). Government and Politics in Kuomintang China, 1927–1937. Vol.53. Stanford University Press. pp.60–72. ISBN 0-8047-0812-6. In 1912, the monarchy was overthrown and the Republic of China was established. The Republic saw consistent conflict for most of the mid-20th century, including a civil war between the Kuomintang government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which began in 1927, as well as the Second Sino-Japanese War that began in 1937 and continued until 1945, therefore becoming involved in World War II. The latter led to a temporary stop in the civil war and numerous Japanese atrocities such as the Nanjing Massacre, which continue to influence China–Japan relations. In 1949, the CCP established control over China as the Kuomintang fled to Taiwan. Early communist rule saw two major projects: the Great Leap Forward, which resulted in a sharp economic decline and massive famine; and the Cultural Revolution, a movement to purge all non-communist elements of Chinese society that led to mass violence and persecution. Beginning in 1978, the Chinese government launched economic reforms that moved the country away from planned economics, but political reforms were cut short by the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Economic reform continued to strengthen the nation's economy in the following decades while raising China's standard of living significantly. Griffiths, Daniel (16 April 2004). "China worried over pace of growth". BBC News . Retrieved 2006-04-16.

The People's Republic of China is a one-party state governed by the Marxist–Leninist Chinese Communist Party (CCP). This makes China one of the last countries governed by a communist party. The Chinese constitution states that the PRC "is a socialist state governed by a people's democratic dictatorship that is led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants," that the state institutions "shall practice the principle of democratic centralism," [192] and that "the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China." [193] a b Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). Chinese History: A Manual. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph No. 52. Harvard University Asia Center. p.132. ISBN 978-0-674-00249-4. Waller, Derek J. (1973). The Kiangsi Soviet Republic: Mao and the National Congresses of 1931 and 1934 (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.Qian, Isabelle; Xiao, Muyi; Mozur, Paul; Cardia, Alexander (21 June 2022). "Four Takeaways From a Times Investigation Into China's Expanding Surveillance State". The New York Times . Retrieved 2022-07-23. Further information: Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, Xia dynasty, Shang dynasty, Zhou dynasty, Spring and Autumn period, and Warring States period Yinxu, the ruins of the capital of the late Shang dynasty (14th century BCE) John M. Roberts (1997). A Short History of the World. Oxford University Press. p.272. ISBN 0-19-511504-X. Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-09-20 . Retrieved 2022-01-16.